І --- ----і- з-м-й-н-зо-.
І д__ п_____ з м_________
І д-і п-р-і- з м-й-н-з-м-
-------------------------
І дві порції з майонезом. 0 I dvi -ort-iï - -ay̆on----.I d__ p______ z m_________I d-i p-r-s-i- z m-y-o-e-o-.----------------------------I dvi portsiï z may̆onezom.
І------орц-- --а---ої ------и-з -і---це-.
І т__ п_____ с_______ к______ з г________
І т-и п-р-і- с-а-е-о- к-в-а-и з г-р-и-е-.
-----------------------------------------
І три порції смаженої ковбаси з гірчицею. 0 I --- p-r---ï s--zhen-i--k-vb--y z hirc-yt--y-.I t__ p______ s________ k______ z h___________I t-y p-r-s-i- s-a-h-n-i- k-v-a-y z h-r-h-t-e-u-------------------------------------------------I try portsiï smazhenoï kovbasy z hirchytseyu.
Щ--у ва- є з -воч-в?
Щ_ у в__ є з о______
Щ- у в-с є з о-о-і-?
--------------------
Що у вас є з овочів? 0 Sh-h--u-vas--- z-ov---i-?S____ u v__ y_ z o_______S-c-o u v-s y- z o-o-h-v--------------------------Shcho u vas ye z ovochiv?
У-------к--со--?
У в__ є к_______
У в-с є к-а-о-я-
----------------
У вас є квасоля? 0 U vas-ye kv---l--?U v__ y_ k________U v-s y- k-a-o-y-?------------------U vas ye kvasolya?
У---- - -в-тна к--у--а?
У в__ є ц_____ к_______
У в-с є ц-і-н- к-п-с-а-
-----------------------
У вас є цвітна капуста? 0 U va- y- --vit-a k--u--a?U v__ y_ t______ k_______U v-s y- t-v-t-a k-p-s-a--------------------------U vas ye tsvitna kapusta?
Я їм о---е-к-кур--зу.
Я ї_ о____ к_________
Я ї- о-о-е к-к-р-д-у-
---------------------
Я їм охоче кукурудзу. 0 Y--ïm-ok---h- -uku-u---.Y_ ï_ o______ k_________Y- i-m o-h-c-e k-k-r-d-u--------------------------YA ïm okhoche kukurudzu.
Я -м----че -г-рк-.
Я ї_ о____ о______
Я ї- о-о-е о-і-к-.
------------------
Я їм охоче огірки. 0 YA i---ok----e--h----.Y_ ï_ o______ o______Y- i-m o-h-c-e o-i-k-.----------------------YA ïm okhoche ohirky.
Я-н--л---ю-ци----.
Я н_ л____ ц______
Я н- л-б-ю ц-б-л-.
------------------
Я не люблю цибулі. 0 YA -e ---b--- t--bul-.Y_ n_ l______ t_______Y- n- l-u-l-u t-y-u-i-----------------------YA ne lyublyu tsybuli.
Я -е --бл---асл-н.
Я н_ л____ м______
Я н- л-б-ю м-с-и-.
------------------
Я не люблю маслин. 0 Y- ---l--bly--masl-n.Y_ n_ l______ m______Y- n- l-u-l-u m-s-y-.---------------------YA ne lyublyu maslyn.
Я-не -ю--ю--р--і-.
Я н_ л____ г______
Я н- л-б-ю г-и-і-.
------------------
Я не люблю грибів. 0 Y- ne l--bl-u-h-----.Y_ n_ l______ h______Y- n- l-u-l-u h-y-i-.---------------------YA ne lyublyu hrybiv.
Most of all the languages spoken worldwide are tonal languages.
With tonal languages, the pitch of the tones is crucial.
They determine what meaning words or syllables have.
Thus, the tone belongs firmly to the word.
Most of the languages spoken in Asia are tonal languages.
For example, Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese.
There are also various tonal languages in Africa.
Many indigenous languages in America are tonal languages as well.
Indo-European languages mostly contain only tonal elements.
This applies to Swedish or Serbian, for example.
The number of tone pitches is varied in individual languages.
Four different tones are distinguishable in Chinese.
With this, the syllable
ma
can have four meanings.
They are
mother, hemp, horse
and
to rant
.
Interestingly, tonal languages also impact our hearing.
Studies on absolute hearing have shown this.
Absolute hearing is the ability to identify heard tones accurately.
Absolute hearing occurs very rarely in Europe and North America.
Fewer than 1 in 10,000 people have it.
It's different with native speakers of Chinese.
Here, 9 times as many people have this special ability.
We all had absolute hearing when we were infants.
We used it to learn to speak correctly.
Unfortunately, most people lose it later on.
The pitch of tones is also important in music.
This is especially true for cultures that speak a tonal language.
They must adhere to the melody very precisely.
Otherwise a beautiful love song comes out as an absurd song!
Did you know?
Punjabi is counted among the Indo-Iranian languages.
It is spoken natively by 130 million people.
The majority of those people live in Pakistan.
However, it is also spoken in the Indian state of Punjab.
Punjabi is hardly ever used as a written language in Pakistan.
It is different in India because there the language holds an official status.
Punjabi is written in its own script.
It also has a very long literary tradition.
Texts have been found that are almost 1000 years old.
Punjabi is also very interesting from a phonological point of view.
This is because it is a tonal language.
In tonal languages, the pitch of the accented syllable changes their meaning.
In Punjabi, the accented syllable can take on three different pitches.
That is very unusual for Indo-European languages.
That makes Punjabi that much more appealing!