Phrasebook

em Big – small   »   ad ины – цIыкIу

68 [sixty-eight]

Big – small

Big – small

68 [тIокIищрэ ирэ]

68 [tIokIishhrje irje]

ины – цIыкIу

iny – cIykIu

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big and small и-ы----и ц-ы-Iу и__ ы___ ц_____ и-ы ы-I- ц-ы-I- --------------- ины ыкIи цIыкIу 0
i-- ykI---I--Iu i__ y___ c_____ i-y y-I- c-y-I- --------------- iny ykIi cIykIu
The elephant is big. Пылыр----. П____ и___ П-л-р и-ы- ---------- Пылыр ины. 0
P------n-. P____ i___ P-l-r i-y- ---------- Pylyr iny.
The mouse is small. Цы--о---I----. Ц_____ ц______ Ц-г-о- ц-ы-I-. -------------- Цыгъор цIыкIу. 0
C---r cI-kI-. C____ c______ C-g-r c-y-I-. ------------- Cygor cIykIu.
dark and bright шI--к- -к---н-ф----эфы-) ш_____ ы___ н___ (______ ш-у-к- ы-I- н-ф- (-э-ы-) ------------------------ шIункI ыкIи нэфы (нэфын) 0
s---nkI ---i-nj--y-(----yn) s______ y___ n____ (_______ s-I-n-I y-I- n-e-y (-j-f-n- --------------------------- shIunkI ykIi njefy (njefyn)
The night is dark. Чэщыр----нкI. Ч____ ш______ Ч-щ-р ш-у-к-. ------------- Чэщыр шIункI. 0
Chjes-h-r s-Iun-I. C________ s_______ C-j-s-h-r s-I-n-I- ------------------ Chjeshhyr shIunkI.
The day is bright. М--эр н-ф-н. М____ н_____ М-ф-р н-ф-н- ------------ Мафэр нэфын. 0
M---e---jef-n. M_____ n______ M-f-e- n-e-y-. -------------- Mafjer njefyn.
old and young жъ- -кIи-кIэ ж__ ы___ к__ ж-ы ы-I- к-э ------------ жъы ыкIи кIэ 0
z-y-ykIi-k-je z__ y___ k___ z-y y-I- k-j- ------------- zhy ykIi kIje
Our grandfather is very old. Т--ат- жъы дэд. Т_____ ж__ д___ Т-т-т- ж-ы д-д- --------------- Титатэ жъы дэд. 0
Tita--- -h--d--d. T______ z__ d____ T-t-t-e z-y d-e-. ----------------- Titatje zhy djed.
70 years ago he was still young. Илъ-с--0--экIэ-у-экIэI-бэж-м-- -р джы-и --бжь--I-г-. И____ 7_______ у______________ а_ д____ н___________ И-ъ-с 7---э-I- у-э-I-I-б-ж-м-, а- д-ы-и н-б-ь-к-а-ъ- ---------------------------------------------------- Илъэс 70-рэкIэ узэкIэIэбэжьмэ, ар джыри ныбжьыкIагъ. 0
Il-es--0-r---I-- -z-ekI-e-----e-h'mj---a- d-hy-i ---zh'y-Ia-. I____ 7_________ u____________________ a_ d_____ n___________ I-j-s 7---j-k-j- u-j-k-j-I-e-j-z-'-j-, a- d-h-r- n-b-h-y-I-g- ------------------------------------------------------------- Iljes 70-rjekIje uzjekIjeIjebjezh'mje, ar dzhyri nybzh'ykIag.
beautiful and ugly д-х--ы-I- I-е д___ ы___ I__ д-х- ы-I- I-е ------------- дахэ ыкIи Iае 0
d-h-- -kIi--ae d____ y___ I__ d-h-e y-I- I-e -------------- dahje ykIi Iae
The butterfly is beautiful. Хьа-п--р-шъ---д-хэ. Х____________ д____ Х-а-п-ы-а-ъ-р д-х-. ------------------- ХьампIырашъор дахэ. 0
H'ampI-r--ho---ahje. H____________ d_____ H-a-p-y-a-h-r d-h-e- -------------------- H'ampIyrashor dahje.
The spider is ugly. Бэд--р Iа-. Б_____ I___ Б-д-ы- I-е- ----------- Бэджыр Iае. 0
Bje-zh-r ---. B_______ I___ B-e-z-y- I-e- ------------- Bjedzhyr Iae.
fat and thin пщэр-ык----д п___ ы___ о_ п-э- ы-I- о- ------------ пщэр ыкIи од 0
ps------y-I--od p______ y___ o_ p-h-j-r y-I- o- --------------- pshhjer ykIi od
A woman who weighs a hundred kilos is fat. Бз--ъф----- -ило-р-м-ш-- -ъэз-щ----- ----. Б__________ к___________ к__________ п____ Б-ы-ъ-ы-ъ-у к-л-г-а-и-ъ- к-э-ы-э-р-р п-э-. ------------------------------------------ Бзылъфыгъэу килограмишъэ къэзыщэчрэр пщэр. 0
B-y-f-g--u-----g---i--je kj-zyshh--ch---r ---hj-r. B_________ k____________ k_______________ p_______ B-y-f-g-e- k-l-g-a-i-h-e k-e-y-h-j-c-r-e- p-h-j-r- -------------------------------------------------- Bzylfygjeu kilogramishje kjezyshhjechrjer pshhjer.
A man who weighs fifty kilos is thin. Хъулъфы-ъэу -и--г-ам--шъэ-ы-ъ--къ-з--эчр-р од. Х__________ к________ ш_______ к__________ о__ Х-у-ъ-ы-ъ-у к-л-г-а-м ш-э-ы-ъ- к-э-ы-э-р-р о-. ---------------------------------------------- Хъулъфыгъэу килограмм шъэныкъо къэзыщэчрэр од. 0
Hu--ygjeu -ilog---m--hjenyko----zy-hh-echrjer---. H________ k________ s_______ k_______________ o__ H-l-y-j-u k-l-g-a-m s-j-n-k- k-e-y-h-j-c-r-e- o-. ------------------------------------------------- Hulfygjeu kilogramm shjenyko kjezyshhjechrjer od.
expensive and cheap л-а--- ык----ыут л_____ ы___ п___ л-а-I- ы-I- п-у- ---------------- лъапIэ ыкIи пыут 0
la-I-e -kI- py-t l_____ y___ p___ l-p-j- y-I- p-u- ---------------- lapIje ykIi pyut
The car is expensive. Маш--э- --а-Iэ. М______ л______ М-ш-н-р л-а-I-. --------------- Машинэр лъапIэ. 0
M-s-i-jer-l-pI-e. M________ l______ M-s-i-j-r l-p-j-. ----------------- Mashinjer lapIje.
The newspaper is cheap. Г--зет-р--ыу-. Г_______ п____ Г-э-е-ы- п-у-. -------------- Гъэзетыр пыут. 0
Gje-e-yr pyu-. G_______ p____ G-e-e-y- p-u-. -------------- Gjezetyr pyut.

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Code-switching

More and more people are growing up bilingual. They can speak more than one language. Many of these people often switch languages. They decide which language to use depending on the situation. For example, they speak a different language at work than at home. By doing so, they adapt themselves to their environment. But there is also the possibility of switching languages spontaneously. This phenomenon is called code-switching . In code-switching, the language gets switched in the middle of speaking. There could be many reasons why speakers switch languages. Often, they don't find the appropriate word in one language. They can express themselves better in the other language. It can also be that the speaker feels more confident in one of the languages. They use this language for private or personal things. Sometimes a certain word doesn't exist in a language. In this case the speaker must switch languages. Or they switch languages so that they aren't understood. In that case code-switching works like a secret language. Earlier, mixing languages was criticized. It was thought that the speaker couldn't speak either language correctly. Today it is viewed differently. Code-switching is recognized as a special linguistic competence. It can be interesting to observe speakers using code-switching. Often, they don't just switch the language they're speaking. Other communicative elements change as well. Many speak faster, louder or more accentuated in the other language. Or they suddenly use more gestures and facial expressions. In this way, code-switching is always a little bit of culture-switching too…