Phrasebook

en Past tense 3   »   ad БлэкIыгъэ шъуашэр 3

83 [eighty-three]

Past tense 3

Past tense 3

83 [тIокIиплIырэ щырэ]

83 [tIokIiplIyrje shhyrje]

БлэкIыгъэ шъуашэр 3

[BljekIygje shuashjer 3]

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to make a call телеф-ным--э г-щы-эн т___________ г______ т-л-ф-н-м-I- г-щ-I-н -------------------- телефонымкIэ гущыIэн 0
te-----ym--j- g--hhyI--n t____________ g_________ t-l-f-n-m-I-e g-s-h-I-e- ------------------------ telefonymkIje gushhyIjen
I made a call. С- -е-еф-н--к-э -ы-еуа--. С_ т___________ с________ С- т-л-ф-н-м-I- с-т-у-г-. ------------------------- Сэ телефонымкIэ сытеуагъ. 0
Sj--tel---nym-Ij------ua-. S__ t____________ s_______ S-e t-l-f-n-m-I-e s-t-u-g- -------------------------- Sje telefonymkIje syteuag.
I was talking on the phone all the time. Сэ рен-- телеф---мкIэ-с--ущы--щ-ыгъ. С_ р____ т___________ с_____________ С- р-н-у т-л-ф-н-м-I- с-г-щ-I-щ-ы-ъ- ------------------------------------ Сэ ренэу телефонымкIэ сыгущыIэщтыгъ. 0
Sj- --n----t--e---y-kI-e -y-u---y--e-h-t-g. S__ r_____ t____________ s_________________ S-e r-n-e- t-l-f-n-m-I-e s-g-s-h-I-e-h-t-g- ------------------------------------------- Sje renjeu telefonymkIje sygushhyIjeshhtyg.
to ask к-э--ч--н к________ к-э-п-I-н --------- кIэупчIэн 0
kI-eup--Ijen k___________ k-j-u-c-I-e- ------------ kIjeupchIjen
I asked. С--сыкI-упчIа-ъ. С_ с____________ С- с-к-э-п-I-г-. ---------------- Сэ сыкIэупчIагъ. 0
Sj- -ykIj-u----a-. S__ s_____________ S-e s-k-j-u-c-I-g- ------------------ Sje sykIjeupchIag.
I always asked. Сэ ре-эу--ы--э-пч--щ----. С_ р____ с_______________ С- р-н-у с-к-э-п-I-щ-ы-ъ- ------------------------- Сэ ренэу сыкIэупчIэщтыгъ. 0
S-- ren--- sykI--u-ch--e-hht--. S__ r_____ s___________________ S-e r-n-e- s-k-j-u-c-I-e-h-t-g- ------------------------------- Sje renjeu sykIjeupchIjeshhtyg.
to narrate к-эI---н к_______ к-э-о-э- -------- къэIотэн 0
k-eIot-en k________ k-e-o-j-n --------- kjeIotjen
I narrated. С---ъ---от---. С_ к__________ С- к-э-I-т-г-. -------------- Сэ къэсIотагъ. 0
Sj----e--o---. S__ k_________ S-e k-e-I-t-g- -------------- Sje kjesIotag.
I narrated the whole story. Сэ ------ы- зэкIэ-къ-сIот--ъ. С_ к_______ з____ к__________ С- к-э-а-ы- з-к-э к-э-I-т-г-. ----------------------------- Сэ къэбарыр зэкIэ къэсIотагъ. 0
S------ba--------I-e-k---I--ag. S__ k_______ z______ k_________ S-e k-e-a-y- z-e-I-e k-e-I-t-g- ------------------------------- Sje kjebaryr zjekIje kjesIotag.
to study зэгъэшI-н з________ з-г-э-I-н --------- зэгъэшIэн 0
zj--jesh-j-n z___________ z-e-j-s-I-e- ------------ zjegjeshIjen
I studied. С----з-ъ-ш-агъ-. С_ з____________ С- з-з-ъ-ш-а-ъ-. ---------------- Сэ зэзгъэшIагъэ. 0
S-e z--zgj-------e. S__ z______________ S-e z-e-g-e-h-a-j-. ------------------- Sje zjezgjeshIagje.
I studied the whole evening. С- пчых-- -е-ы--з--гъ---а--э. С_ п_____ р____ з____________ С- п-ы-ь- р-н-м з-з-ъ-ш-а-ъ-. ----------------------------- Сэ пчыхьэ реным зэзгъэшIагъэ. 0
S-e pc-y-'j- -en----jezgjesh-agj-. S__ p_______ r____ z______________ S-e p-h-h-j- r-n-m z-e-g-e-h-a-j-. ---------------------------------- Sje pchyh'je renym zjezgjeshIagje.
to work I-ф--Iэн-/ л--ь-н I__ ш___ / л_____ I-ф ш-э- / л-ж-э- ----------------- Iоф шIэн / лэжьэн 0
I-- s-I-e- / -je-h'jen I__ s_____ / l________ I-f s-I-e- / l-e-h-j-n ---------------------- Iof shIjen / ljezh'jen
I worked. С- I-- сш---ъэ. С_ I__ с_______ С- I-ф с-I-г-э- --------------- Сэ Iоф сшIагъэ. 0
S-e I------I--j-. S__ I__ s________ S-e I-f s-h-a-j-. ----------------- Sje Iof sshIagje.
I worked all day long. С- м-ф- ----м -оф--шIа-ъэ С_ м___ р____ I__ с______ С- м-ф- р-н-м I-ф с-I-г-э ------------------------- Сэ мэфэ реным Iоф сшIагъэ 0
S---m---je -e-ym---- s--Ia--e S__ m_____ r____ I__ s_______ S-e m-e-j- r-n-m I-f s-h-a-j- ----------------------------- Sje mjefje renym Iof sshIagje
to eat шх-н ш___ ш-э- ---- шхэн 0
shh--n s_____ s-h-e- ------ shhjen
I ate. С----ш-а-ъ. С_ с_______ С- с-ш-а-ъ- ----------- Сэ сышхагъ. 0
Sj--syshh-g. S__ s_______ S-e s-s-h-g- ------------ Sje syshhag.
I ate all the food. С- -эк------шх-г--. С_ з______ с_______ С- з-к-э-и с-х-г-э- ------------------- Сэ зэкIэри сшхыгъэ. 0
Sje z--kI-e-- sshhygje. S__ z________ s________ S-e z-e-I-e-i s-h-y-j-. ----------------------- Sje zjekIjeri sshhygje.

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The history of linguistics

Languages have always fascinated mankind. The history of linguistics is therefore very long. Linguistics is the systematic study of language. Even thousands of years ago people contemplated language. In doing so, different cultures developed different systems. As a result, different descriptions of languages emerged. Today's linguistics are based on ancient theories more than anything else. Many traditions were established in Greece in particular. The oldest known work about language comes from India, however. It was written 3,000 years ago by the grammarian Sakatayana. In ancient times, philosophers like Plato busied themselves with languages. Later, Roman authors developed their theories further. Arabians, too, developed their own traditions in the 8th century. Even then, their works show precise descriptions of the Arabian language. In modern times, man particularly wanted to research where language comes from. Scholars were especially interested in the history of language. In the 18th century, people started to compare languages with each other. They wanted to understand how languages develop. Later they concentrated on languages as a system. The question of how languages function was the focal point. Today, a great number of schools of thought exist within linguistics. Many new disciplines have developed since the fifties. These were in part strongly influenced by other sciences. Examples are psycholinguistics or intercultural communication. The newer linguistic schools of thought are very specialized. One example of this is feminist linguistics. So the history of linguistics continues… As long as there are languages, man will contemplate them!